Pope Urban II: Instigator of the Crusades
Pope Urban II became pope in 1088, and remained in office until his death in 1099. He was centrally involved in the Gregorian reforms to Western church practice, as well as the incorporation of Sicily into Western Catholicism.
At the Council of Piacenza 1095, the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos entreated military aid from the Pope against the Muslim Turks, who had conquered much of Byzantine Anatolia.
This incident was key in the pope’s decision to rally a Crusade. At the Council of Clermont in that same year, which was attended by the highest ranks of the nobility, Pope Urban II delivered a speech that was to have enormous consequences for three continents. He urged Christendom to retake Jerusalem for the church, and in particular to liberate the eastern church from Muslim rule. The pope also made clear that anyone who joined the Crusading armies would be pardoned for their sins.
The resulting Crusades were to last for hundreds of years, though Jerusalem remained under Christian rule for less than a century. Ironically, Pope Urban II died just days after the Crusaders captured Jerusalem, and before the news of its capture had reached Italy.
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