Saladin
When Saladin took Jerusalem, he famously did not kill his Frankish prisoners. The wealthy were permitted to ransom themselves and thereby escape with the remainder of their wealth—a group which included the Patriarch Heraklios, who in particular is rumored to have escaped with a large share of gold. Poor prisoners were held for a ransom, though there are accounts that some were freed and that others remained in captivity indefinitely.
One of Saladin’s first acts was to retake the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa mosque, which had been converted into Christian houses of worship during the Crusaders’ reign. This meant dismantling the stone that obscured many of the Islamic aspects of the buildings, including a cover for the Rock itself. A cross adorned the top of the dome, which was pulled down.
But Saladin didn’t stop there in his architectural transformation of the city. He acquired the Church of St. Anne and turned it into a mosque, while making the convent into a Muslim place of learning.
The population of the city, now drained of most of its Christians, also changed dramatically during Saladin’s reign: Thousands of Muslims flocked to Jerusalem, and Saladin invited the Jews to return, particularly the Jewish community of Ashkelon.
For the most part, the only Christians that remained in Saladin’s Jerusalem were eastern Christians: The Greek Orthodox were given control of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and some thousands of Armenian and Syrian Christians remained in the city as well.
But a Third Crusade against Saladin was already brewing. In England, King Richard I took up a “Saladin Tax” to gather funds for the Third Crusade. Though Acre became the new capital city of Crusader Palestine, the rulers in Acre referred to themselves as “King of Jerusalem.”
This continued warfare between the Muslims and Crusaders created relentless tension in the region for many years to come.
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